TWI Frequently asked questions
ASME BPVC-IX: 2015
Welding and brazing qualifications
Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Rules are given for the qualification, for constructions to be built according to the ASME Code, of welding and brazing procedures and personnel. General requirements, procedure and performance tests, and data, for both welding and brazing, are included. Processes dealt with include: gas, manual metal arc, submerged arc, gas metal arc, flux-cored arc, TIG, plasma, electroslag, electrogas, electron beam and stud welding, and flame, furnace, induction, resistance, dip and salt bath brazing.
AWS B2.1/B2.1M: 2014
Specification for welding procedure and performance qualification
The specification gives requirements for the qualification of welding procedures and for the performance of welders and welding operators. It covers all welding processes and a wide range of metal fabrication materials.
AWS B2.2/B2.2M: 2010
Specification for brazing procedure and performance qualification
Requirements for the qualification of brazing procedure specifications, brazers, and brazing operators for manual, mechanised, and automatic brazing are specified. The brazing processes covered are torch (flame), furnace, induction, resistance, dip, and infrared. Parent metals, brazing filler metals, brazing fluxes, brazing atmospheres, and brazing joint clearances are also included.
AWS B2.3/B2.3M: 2012
Specification for soldering procedure and performance qualification
The qualification requirements of soldering procedure specifications, solderers, and soldering operators for manual, mechanized, and automatic soldering are specified. Soldering processes include torch, furnace, resistance, dip, infrared, and induction. Parent metals, soldering filler metals, soldering fluxes, soldering atmospheres, and soldering joint clearances are also detailed.
AWS B2.4: 2012
Specification for welding process and performance qualification for thermoplastics
Defines qualification requirements for welding of thermoplastics. Includes requirements for qualification of Welding Procedure Specifications, welders, and welding operators for manual, semi-automatic, mechanised and automatic welding. Covers electrofusion, hot gas, socket fusion, butt contact fusion, infrared, extrusion welding, and flow fusion welding processes, as well as base materials, filler materials, qualification variables and testing requirements.
AWS B5.2: 2001
Specification for the qualification of welding inspector specialists and welding inspector assistants
This specification defines the requirements and programme for an employer to qualify welding inspector specialists and welding inspector assistants. The qualification requires documentation of experience, training and satisfactory completion of an examination.
AWS B5.9: 2006
Specification for the qualification of welding supervisors
This standard describes the requirements for qualification as a Welding Supervisor and Senior Welding Supervisor. The requirements include education, experience, and a written examination. This standard also covers the levels of qualification and the job functions a qualified Welding Supervisor should be able to perform.
AWS B5.16: 2006
Specification for the qualification of welding engineers
The minimum experience, examination, application, qualification and requalification requirements for Welding Engineers are defined. The basic body of knowledge and of the examination requirements are given. An outline is presented of activities in which the Welding Engineer must demonstrate capability including: safety; design; materials and welding/joining metallurgy; welding, cutting and joining processes; quality assurance, quality control and welding/joining economics.
AWS B5.17: 2014
Specification for the qualification of welding fabricators
The minimum requirements necessary to qualify as a Welding Fabricator are established. Qualification is based on an examination of the implementation of the fabricator's quality manual to verify compliance to the requirements defined in this specification. This document also defines the Welding Fabricator's functions and lists the minimum reference materials that the Welding Fabricator should possess.
AWS C1.5: 2015
Specification for the qualification of resistance welding technicians
Requirements for the qualification of Resistance Welding Technicians (RWTs) employed in the welding industry are specified. Minimum experience, examination, application, qualification, and requalification requirements and methods are defined. This specification is a method for technicians to establish a record of their qualification and abilities in welding industry work such as development of machine troubleshooting, processes controls, quality standards, problem solving, etc.
AWS C2.16/C2.16M: 2002
Guide for thermal spray operator qualification
This standard covers the qualification of thermal spraying operators in the operation and maintenance of equipment and the application of procedures to a specification. Skills required include flame spraying, arc spraying, air plasma spraying and HVOF spraying. Related documents covering thermal spraying equipment and safety are provided. Qualification and requalification procedures are given.
AWS C5.4: 1993
Recommended practices for stud welding
Withdrawn
AWS C5.6: 1989 (R2004)
Recommended practices for gas metal arc welding
Withdrawn
AWS C5.7: 2000 (R2006)
Recommended practices for electrogas welding
This guide sets standard practices for electrogas welding (EGW) of low-carbon pressure vessel and structural steels. The welding process is described, including welding with a solid or flux cored electrode and with a consumable guide. Topics covered include: equipment; electrodes; shielding gas; applications; metallurgical considerations; selection of welding conditions; inspection and repair; training; qualification of process, equipment, procedures and operators; troubleshooting; and safety.
AWS C6.2/C6.2M: 2006
Specification for friction welding of metals
This specification provides for the qualification of friction welding machines, procedures, and training of welding operators. Qualification of the welding procedure specification (WPS) includes the material specifications involved, weld joint design, destructive and nondestructive examination requirements, as well as guidelines for different categories of quality assurance. Qualification of welding equipment includes weld parameter control and weld reproducibility. Welding operators require training in the proper operation of friction welding equipment. The requirements for requalification of the WPS and equipment are also given.
AWS C7.1M/C7.1: 2013
Recommended practices for electron beam welding
Recommendations for the electron beam welding of a wide range of metals and thicknesses are presented. Topics covered include: safety, particularly X-ray hazards; fundamentals of the process; equipment; metallurgy (carbon steels, low alloy steels, stainless steels, nickel and cobalt alloys and copper, aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys and refractory metals); process procedures; joint design; process parameters; inspection and nondestructive testing; maintenance procedures; and qualification of operators and procedures.
AWS C7.4/C7.4M: 2008
Process specification and operator qualification for laser beam welding
This specification discusses applicable specifications, safety requirements, fabrication, quality examination, equipment calibration and maintenance, approval of work, and delivery of work.
AWS D1.1/D1.1M: 2015
Structural welding code. Steel
The code covers requirements for welding low alloy steel and carbon steel structures including buildings, bridges and tubular constructions. It excludes pressure vessels and piping. Areas covered are: design of welded joints including joint preparations; qualification of procedures and welders; radiographic and ultrasonic testing; strengthening and repair of existing structures; construction of new statically loaded, dynamically loaded and tubular structures; allowable stresses; workmanship; weld quality requirements. "Commentary on Structural Welding Code - Steel" is appended. Other appendices include a glossary, mandatory requirements and examples of approved forms.
AWS D1.2/D1.2M: 2014
Structural welding code. Aluminum
This code covers the welding requirements for any type of structure made from aluminium structural alloys (except for pressure vessels and fluid-carrying pipelines). Aspects included are: design of welded connections (including two types of structures, statically loaded and cyclically loaded structures), qualification (including test methods, qualification of personnel and performance qualification), fabrication, inspection (including radiographic and ultrasonic testing), stud welding (including arc stud welding and capacitor discharge stud welding), and strengthening and repair of existing structures. Processes covered are GMA, TIG, plasma arc and stud welding. A commentary on the code is included.
AWS D1.3/D1.3M: 2008
Structural welding code. Sheet steel
This standard covers MMA, GMA (MIG/MAG), FCA, TIG and submerged arc welding of structural sheet steels or strip steels (including hot-rolled, cold-rolled, hot-dip zinc-coated and HSLA steels), up to 4.8 mm thickness, welded to other structural steel sheets or to supporting structural steel members. Requirements specified include: general requirements (parent materials, processes, weld metal, consumables); welded joint design (butt welds, spot (puddle) welds, seam welds, fillet welds); procedure qualification; welder qualification; fabrication and inspection. Appendices give: sample qualification forms; guidelines for technical enquiries for the AWS Structural Welding Committee; a glossary; gauge numbers and equivalent thicknesses; guidance on safety; and a commentary on the Code.
AWS D1.4/D1.4M: 2011
Structural welding code. Reinforcing steel
This code covers the requirements for welding reinforcing steel to reinforcing steel and reinforcing steel to carbon or low-alloy structural steel. It contains rules for the regulations of welding reinforcing steel and provides suitable acceptance criteria for such welds. The prescribed welding processes are MMA, GMA and FCA. The code addresses allowable stresses, structural details, workmanship, filler metal requirements, tack welds, welding of coated metals, electrodes, welder qualifications, and inspection techniques. Safety issues are considered.
AWS D1.5M/D1.5: 2015 (AASHTO)
Structural welding code. Bridge welding code
This code covers welding fabrication requirements for welded steel road bridges. Sections 1 to 7 concern regulation of welding in steel construction. Commentary sections and several annexes, both normative and informative, are provided. Aspects covered include: design of welded joints; workmanship (cutting, assembly, tack welding, control of shrinkage and distortion, weld shape, repairs, backing techniques, etc.); stress relieving; materials and procedures for welding by MMA, submerged arc, GMA (MIG/MAG), FCA, electroslag, electrogas or arc stud methods; qualification of procedures, materials and personnel; inspection, including radiographic and ultrasonic testing; and typical weld defects. Requirements for fabricating fracture critical members are given.
AWS D1.6/D1.6M: 2007
Structural welding code. Stainless steel
This code covers the welding requirements applicable to stainless steel structures and weldments subject to design stress. It is not intended to be used for pressure vessels or pressure piping. It covers welding procedure specifications (WPS's), the design of welded connections, prequalified WPS's (processes, base metals, filler metals, fluxes and gases, weld sizes, non-tubular and tubular joints), WPS qualification requirements, fabrication, inspection (radiographic testing of butt welds in butt joints, ultrasonic testing of butt welds), and stud welding. Welding processes include MMA, submerged arc, FCA, GMA, and TIG welding.
AWS D1.7/D1.7M: 2010
Guide for strengthening and repairing existing structures
Information is provided on strengthening and repair of existing structures. Included are sections on weldability, evaluation of existing welds, testing and sampling, heat straightening and damage repair. It is intended to apply to steels with a minimum specified yield strength of 100 ksi (690 MPa) or less, cast iron and wrought iron. It is not intended to apply to structures made of steels less than 3 mm thickness, pressure vessels and pressure piping, seismic upgrades or new construction. Aspects covered include: weldability based on steel composition (carbon equivalency, effects of carbon, alloys and other elements, grain size and thickness of parent material); welding procedures and techniques (parent metal preparation, filler metal selection, joint selection, welding procedure specification) and weldability testing (simulated tests, actual tests). Topics considered in the evaluation of existing welds strength evaluation section include fillet weld size, groove weld underfill, weld length, weld profile, undercut, craters, overlap, incomplete fusion, arc strikes, surface slag, porosity, and cracks. Sampling and testing plans are considered and NDT methods for flaw detection, material identification, flaw sizing and characterisation, determination of stress levels and corrosion effects are presented. Guidance concerning determination of possible causes of damage, written repair procedures and methods of repair is also included.
AWS D1.8/D1.8M: 2016
Structural welding code. Seismic supplement
This code supplements AWS D1.1/D1.1M (Structural welding code - steel) and applies to the design, fabrication, quality control and quality assurance of welded joints meeting the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. The code ensures that welded joints designated to withstand repetitive inelastic strains (e.g. earthquakes) have adequate strength, notch toughness and integrity. It covers welding procedure specifications, welding processes, consumables, site welding procedures, welder qualification, and inspection requirements. Seven mandatory annexes are appended, covering testing and inspection procedures.
AWS D1.9/D1.9M: 2015
Structural welding code. Titanium
Rules and regulations for the welding of structural titanium and titanium alloys are presented for the fabrication, erection, and manufacturing industries, excluding pressure vessels and pressure piping, aerospace applications, and sheet of 3 mm or less in thickness. Topics covered include the design of welded connections; qualification for welding procedure specifications (WPS) and welding personnel; requirements for preparation, assembly and workmanship in fabrication by GMA, TIG, plasma, EB and laser welding; recommended filler alloys; criteria for qualification and responsibilities of inspectors, acceptance criteria for production welds, and procedures for performing visual inspection and nondestructive testing. An appendix covers welding of titanium armour and another deals with safety issues.
AWS D3.5: 1993 (R2000)
Guide for steel hull welding
Requirements are presented for the design, fabrication and testing of welds in the hulls of steel ships. Topics include: parent and filler material selection; process capabilities; joint preparation; distortion, heat treatment and mechanical stress relief; procedure and personnel qualification; inspection and NDT; principle types of weld defects; stray current protection and other safety aspects; and procedure for mechanical testing of materials.
AWS D3.6M: 2010
Specification for underwater welding
Fabrication and quality assurance procedures are specified for underwater welding by the MMA, GMA, TIG, plasma and flux cored arc processes. Both dry welding (habitat, chamber and one-atmosphere welding) and wet welding are covered. Details are given of: joint preparation; acceptable fillet and butt weld profiles; welding position; procedure qualification; test pipes; test plates; location and types of test specimens for mechanical tests; bend test specimens and jigs; welder qualification; visual weld inspection; radiography; ultrasonic testing.
AWS D9.1/D9.1M: 2012
Sheet metal welding code
Qualification, workmanship and inspection requirements for arc welding and braze welding are specified, applying to the fabrication, manufacture and erection of non-structural sheet metal components and systems. The code applies to MMA, GMA (MIG/MAG), FCA, TIG, plasma and carbon arc welding, and TIG, GMA (MIG/MAG) and carbon arc brazing. Topics include: procedure qualification (tests, limitations, plate thickness); butt, lap and T-joints; visual inspection; and qualification of welders and workmanship. Appendices detail: recommended fillers (for steels, Al alloys, Cu alloys); terms and definitions; USA gauge, thickness and SI units, procedure specifications; test record sheets; joint designs; welding and braze welding practices; and safety and health.
AWS D14.1/D14.1M: 2005
Specification for welding of industrial and mill cranes and other material handling equipment
This standard applies to the welding of principal structural weldments and primary welds in manufacture of cranes and other overhead materials handling machinery and equipment and to strengthening or repair of such equipment. It includes specifications for materials (parent metals, fillers), allowable stresses (static, fatigue), design (joint preparation, weld dimensions), workmanship, heat treatment, qualification of procedures and welders, quality and inspection, and repair. Processes covered are MMA, submerged arc, GMA, FCA, electroslag and electrogas welding.
AWS D14.3/D14.3M: 2010
Specification for welding earthmoving and construction equipment
Requirements for the manufacture of structural welds in earthmoving and construction equipment are given; these reflect best practice in industry. Topics include: manufacturers' responsibilities; basic details of welds, parent metals, processes and consumables; welding procedure qualification requirements and details of prequalified procedures (joint preparations and parameters); welder qualification; quality and workmanship requirements; inspection; and repair.
AWS D14.4/D14.4M: 2012
Specification for welded joints in machinery and equipment
The specification establishes common acceptance criteria for classifying and applying carbon and low-alloy steel welded joints used in the manufacture of machines and equipment. It also covers weld joint design, workmanship, quality control requirements and procedures, welding operator and welding procedure qualification, weld joint inspection and repair of weld defects and heat treatment.
AWS D14.5: 2009
Specification for welding of presses and press components
This specification is aimed at establishing minimum acceptable requirements for weld joint design and the fabrication by welding of presses and press components. The specification covers the classification of welded joints and materials (steels), welding processes and consumables, weld joint design, design stresses, workmanship, procedure qualifications, welder qualifications, welding operator qualifications, tack welding qualifications, inspection, modification or repair, and post-weld treatments.
AWS D14.6/D14.6M: 2012
Specification for welding of rotating elements of equipment
This specification establishes minimum acceptable requirements for weld joint detail and fabrication by welding of rotating elements in new equipment. It also applies to the modification or repair by welding or rotating elements in existing equipment. Equipment types include fans, pumps, compressors etc. Topics covered include: parent metals; welding processes; filler materials; welding procedure and performance qualification (responsibility for welding, weld orientation, test positions for butt and fillet welds, tensile, bend and notch toughness tests); procedure qualification; performance and personnel qualification; welding process variables; fabrication requirements including weld preparation, assembly and profiles, peening, preheating and post weld heat treatment; inspection and quality control; modification and repair.
AWS D15.1/D15.1M: 2012
Railroad welding. Specification for cars and locomotives
Minimum standards are laid down for the manufacture and maintenance of railway equipment. The first part covers general requirements for welding in the railway industry and the second part covers specific requirements for welding of parent metals less than 3.2 mm (0.125 in) in thickness. Topics of concern include: joint design, structural requirements, consumables, technique and workmanship, welding procedures, procedure qualification, welder qualification and inspection. Appendices cover types of parent metals and fillers, report forms, safety, use of aluminium alloys, etc.
AWS D16.4M/D16.4: 2015
Specification for the qualification of robotic arc welding personnel
Three levels of robotic arc welding personnel qualification guidelines are specified. These include: performance objectives, experience, educational requirements, and training recommendations.
AWS D17.1/D17.1M: 2010
Specification for fusion welding for aerospace applications
General welding requirements for welding aircraft and space hardware are specified. Principal joining methods are arc welding and energy beam processes applied to alloys of Al, Ni, Fe, Co, Mg and Ti. Aspects covered include welding design, procedure and personnel qualification, inspection and acceptance criteria, and repair procedures. Detail specified for welding includes: selection, identification, storage and use of welding consumables; equipment calibration; surface and joint preparation; tack welding and start/stop procedures; interpass cleaning; and in-process correction of deviations or defects. An annex provides guidelines for the design, analysis and fabrication of common types of welded joint.
AWS D17.3/D17.3M: 2016
Specification for friction stir welding of aluminum alloys for aerospace applications
General requirements for the friction stir welding of aluminum alloys for aerospace applications are specified. It includes weldment design, qualification of personnel and procedures, fabrication, and inspection.
AWS G1.6: 2006
Specification for qualification of plastics welding inspectors for hot gas, hot gas extrusion and heated tool butt thermoplastics welds
Qualification requirements are given. Visual inspection includes experience and examination demonstrating capabilities. Knowledge of plastics welding processes and procedures, nondestructive testing, destructive testing, terminology, definitions, symbols, reports, safety, quality assurance and responsibilities are tested.
BS 1140: 1993 (R2007, 2012)
Specification for resistance spot welding of uncoated and coated low carbon steel
Rules are given for the qualification, for constructions to be built according to the ASME Code, of welding and brazing procedures and personnel. General requirements, procedure and performance tests, and data, for both welding and brazing, are included. Processes dealt with include: gas, manual metal arc, submerged arc, gas metal arc, flux-cored arc, TIG, plasma, electroslag, electrogas, electron beam and stud welding, and flame, furnace, induction, resistance, dip and salt bath brazing.
BS 1723
Brazing
Part 4: 1988 Methods for specifying brazing procedure and operator approval testing
Superseded by BS EN 13133 and BS EN 13134
BS 4870
Specification for approval testing of welding procedures
Part 1: 1981 Fusion welding of steel<
Superseded by BS EN 288-3
Part 2: 1982 TIG or MIG welding of aluminium and its alloys
Superseded by BS EN 288-4
Part 3: 1985 Arc welding of tube to tube-plate joints in metallic materials
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15614-8
Part 4: 1988 Specification for automatic fusion welding of metallic materials, including welding operator approval
Superseded by BS EN 1418
BS 4871
Specification for approval testing of welders working to approved welding procedures
Part 1: 1982 Fusion welding of steel
Superseded by BS EN 287-1
Part 2: 1982 TIG or MIG welding of aluminium and its alloys
Superseded by BS EN 287-2
Part 3: 1985 (R2006, 2011) Arc welding of tube to tube-plate joints in metallic materials
Withdrawn; no replacement
BS 4872
Specification for approval testing of welders when welding procedure approval is not required
Part 1: 1982 (R1995, 1999, 2006, 2013) Fusion welding of steel
Requirements are specified for the approval testing of welders engaged on the manual or semiautomatic fusion welding of ferritic steels or austenitic stainless steels where the welding procedure itself does not have to be approved. The tests include butt and fillet welds in sheet, plate and pipe, with and without backing, in a variety of welding positions and fillet welded branch connections.
Part 2: 1976 (R1995, 2006, 2013) TIG or MIG welding of aluminium and its alloys
The test conditions (parent metal, welding position, thickness, joint type) for a number of weld types (butt welds in sheet, in plate, with and without backing, in pipe, etc.) are given. Visual inspection and destructive test procedure for the completed test welds are given.
BS EN 287
Approval testing of welders for fusion welding
Part 1: 2011 Steels
Superseded by BS EN ISO 9606-1; Replaces BS 4871:Part 1; remains current
Part 2: 1992 Aluminium and aluminium alloys>
Superseded by BS EN ISO 9606-2; replaces BS 4871: Part 2
Part 6: 2010 (R2014) (+ 2016 draft) Qualification test of welders. Fusion welding. Cast iron
The main requirements, limits, inspection conditions and acceptance criteria, as well as related inspection documents of welders, for welded cast iron test pieces and workpieces are specified. A set of technical rules for a systematic qualification test of a welder‘s skills are provided, and enables the uniform acceptance of qualifications independent of the type of product, location and examiner/examining bodies. The standard does not cover fully mechanized and automated welding processes.
BS EN 288
Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials
Part 1: 1992 General rules for fusion welding
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15607
Part 2: 1992 Welding procedures specification for arc welding
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15609-1
Part 3: 1992 Welding procedure tests for the arc welding of steels
Replaces BS 4870: Part 1; superseded by BS EN ISO 15614-1
Part 4: 1992 Welding procedure tests for the arc welding of aluminium and its alloys
Replaces BS 4870:Part 2; superseded by BS EN ISO 15614-2
Part 5: 1995 Approval by using approved welding consumables for arc welding
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15610
Part 6: 1995 Approval related to previous experience
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15611
Part 7: 1995 Approval by a standard welding procedure for arc welding
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15612
Part 8: 1995 Approval by a pre-production welding test
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15613
Part 9: 1999 Welding procedure test for pipeline welding on land and offshore. Site butt welding of transmission pipelines
Withdrawn with no replacement
BS EN 1418: 1998 (R2003)
Welding personnel. Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance welding setters for fully mechanised and automatic welding of metallic materials
Withdrawn; Superseded by BS EN ISO 14732; Replaces BS 4870-4
BS EN 4179: 2009 (+ 2014 draft)
Aerospace series. Qualification and certification of personnel for nondestructive testing
The minimum requirements for the qualification and approval of personnel involved in the nondestructive testing of materials, products, systems, subsystems and components are specified. Training, experience and examination for the aerospace sector, both manufacturing and service, are included. This standard is also applicable to personnel responsible for the adequacy of NDT methods plus those providing training or supervision. All methods of NDT are covered.
BS EN 13067: 2012
Plastics welding personnel. Qualification testing of welders. Thermoplastics welded assemblies
The method of testing the knowledge and skill of welders working on new constructions and repair are specified. Hot gas, extrusion, heated tool and electrofusion welding processes are covered for sheet, pipe, fittings and lining membrane.
BS EN 13133: 2000
Brazing. Brazer approval
With BS EN 13134 replaced BS 1723-4; superseded by BS EN ISO 13585: 2012
BS EN 13134: 2000 (R2006)
Brazing. Procedure approval
With BS EN 13133 replaces BS 1723-4
General rules (test procedures, test pieces) for the specification and approval of brazing procedures for all materials - metallic and non-metallic - are specified. The content for brazing procedure specifications required to fulfil current standards for quality systems are defined. A route for the approval of a brazing procedure by means of relating it to previous experience of similar applications, provided the experience is traceable and verifiable, is provided.
BS EN 13214: 2001
Thermal spraying. Thermal spray coordination. Tasks and responsibilities
Superseded by BS EN ISO 12690: 2010
BS EN 14587
Railway applications. Track. Flash butt welding of rails
Part 1: 2007 New R220, R260, R260Mn and R350HT grade rails in a fixed plant
Requirements of a welding process; procedure approval for a fixed plant; approval of other rail profiles or grade; approval of the welding contractor; and weld production following approval are specified.
Part 2: 2009 New R220, R260, R260Mn and R350HT grade rails by mobile welding machines at sites other than a fixed plant
Requirements for the approval of a welding process by a MFBW machine (static but temporary) at sites other than fixed plant, as well as the welding contractor together with the requirements for subsequent welding production are specified. The standard covers new Vignole R220, R260, R260Mn and R350HT grade rails of 46 kg/m and above, as contained in EN 13674-1, and applies to the welding of rails into welded strings.
Part 3: 2012 Welding in association with crossing construction
Requirements for the approval of a welding process in a fixed plant, together with the requirements for subsequent welding production are specified. This standard applies to new Vignole rails welded by flash butt welding to crossing components in a fixed plant, and intended for use on railway infrastructures.
BS EN 14730
Railway applications. Track. Aluminothermic welding of rails
Part 1: 2006 + A1: 2010 Approval of welding processes
The laboratory tests and requirements for approval of an aluminothermic welding process using welds produced in workshop conditions are defined. It applies to the joining of new, Vignole rails as described in EN 13674-1 of the same profile and steel grade. Welds made between different rail sections, differently worn rails and different rail grades are not covered by the standard.
Part 2: 2006 Qualification of aluminothermic welders, approval of contractors and acceptance of welds
This standard applies to aluminothermic welds made on Vignole rails of 46 kg/m and above (according to EN 13674-1). The systems for training, testing and maintaining the skills of aluminothermic welders and for contractor approval are specified and applies to those aluminothermic welding processes compliant with the requirements of EN 14730-1. The standard requires that weld inspectors are competent in aluminothermic weld inspection and are approved by the relevant railway authority and covers the final inspection of aluminothermic welds for acceptance in track. It does not cover any previous inspections by welders or others.
BS EN 15085
Railway applications. Welding of railway vehicles and components
Part 2: 2007 Quality requirements and certification of welding manufacturer.
Certification levels and requirements for welding manufacturers are defined and the procedure for the recognition of welding manufacturers is described.
BS EN 15648: 2009
Thermal spraying. Component related procedure specification
The requirements for qualification of a spray procedure specification are defined and the conditions for applying the procedure qualification and the qualification for a range of components are indicated. These components should be similar to the tested component in shape, physical and chemical behaviour, and in properties. This is especially valid in the case of a client's requirement for a qualification. It can also be applied in the case of a company's internal quality requirements. Applicable to the manufacture of new parts and repairs of components made of metallic and non-metallic materials.
BS EN ISO 9606
Qualification testing of welders. Fusion welding
Part 1: 2013 (+ 2016 draft) Steels
Supersedes BS EN 287-1
Requirements for qualification testing of welders for fusion welding of steels are specified. A set of rules for systematic qualification testing of the welder is provided, enabling the qualifications to be uniformly accepted independently of the type of product, location and examiner or examining body. Emphasis is on the welder's manual ability to manipulate the electrode, welding torch or welding blowpipe, to produce a weld of acceptable quality. The standard covers fusion welding processes designated as manual or partly mechanised welding, not fully mechanised and automated welding processes.
Part 2: 2004 (R2009) Aluminium and aluminium alloys
Supersedes BS EN 287-2
Requirements are specified for the qualification of welders for the fusion welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys, independent of product type, location and examiner/examining body; it covers manual and partly mechanised fusion welding processes (MIG, TIG and plasma welding). Requirements are given for essential variables and qualification range, examination and testing, test piece acceptance requirements, retests, period of validity, qualification certificate and designation. Further information is given in a series of annexes.
Part 3: 1999 (R2006) Copper and copper alloys
Supersedes EN 287-3
This standard covers the principles to be observed in the approval testing of welder performance for the fusion welding of copper and copper alloys. Essential requirements for approval testing, range of approval for the welding, test conditions, acceptance requirements and certification for the approval testing of welder performance are specified.
Part 4: 1999 (R2006) Nickel and nickel alloys
Supersedes EN 287-4
This standard covers the principles to be observed in the approval testing of welder performance for the fusion welding of nickel and nickel alloys. Essential requirements for approval testing, range of approval for the welding, test conditions, acceptance requirements and certification for the approval testing of welder performance are specified.
Part 5: 2000 (R2006) Titanium and titanium alloys, zirconium and zirconium alloys
Principles for the approval testing of welder performance for the fusion welding of titanium, zirconium and their weldable alloys are covered. Essential variables for approval testing and range of approval for the welder (welding processes, joint types, material groups, consumables, dimensions, number of test pieces, welding positions), test conditions, acceptance requirements for test pieces and certification for the approval testing of welder performance are specified.
BS EN ISO 9956
Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials
Part 10: 1997 Welding procedure specification for electron beam welding
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15609-3
Part 11: 1997 Welding procedure specification for laser beam welding
Superseded by BS EN ISO 15609-4
BS EN ISO 12690: 2010
Metallic and other inorganic coatings. Thermal spray coordination. Tasks and responsibilities.
Supersedes BS EN 13214
The tasks and responsibilities necessary to ensure the quality of a thermal sprayed coating or a coated component, including the coordination of activities related to thermal spraying, are specified.
BS EN ISO 13585: 2012
Brazing. Qualification test of brazers and brazing operators
Supersedes BS EN 13133: 2000
Basic requirements for the qualification testing of brazers and brazing operators providing conditions for brazing, testing, examination, acceptance criteria and range of qualification for certificates are specified.
BS EN ISO 14732: 2013
Welding personnel. Qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters for mechanised and automatic welding of metallic materials
Supersedes BS EN 1418
Requirements for the qualification of welding operators and weld setters for mechanised and automatic welding are specified. The standard does not apply to personnel exclusively performing loading or unloading of the automatic welding unit. The Standard is applicable when qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters is required by the contract or by the application standard. (Requirements for testing of stud welding operators and setters are given in ISO 14555, however qualification and revalidation is in accordance with this standard.)
BS EN ISO 14918: 1998
Thermal spraying. Approval testing of thermal sprayers [personnel]
This standard gives instructions of approval testing of thermal spraying equipment operators. Prescribed items include the essential requirements for approval testing, ranges of approval, examination and test conditions, acceptance requirements, and certification for approval testing of thermal spray performance. The standard covers flame spraying, arc spraying, plasma spraying, high velocity flame spraying, powder spraying and wire spraying, using manual and mechanical equipment.
BS EN ISO 15607: 2003
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. General rules
Replaces BS EN 288-1
General rules for the specification and qualification of manual, mechanised and automatic welding procedures for metallic materials are defined. Welding procedures are qualified by conforming to one or more welding procedure record (WPQR). Welding procedure specification format is outlined and the development and qualification of welding procedures (general; based on welding procedure test; based on tested welding consumables; based on standard welding procedure; based on a pre-production welding test) are detailed.
BS EN ISO 15609
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Welding procedure specification
Part 1: 2004 (R2009) Arc welding
Supersedes BS EN 288-2
The content of a welding procedure specification for arc welding is defined. Welding procedures should contain the following types of information: details of the manufacturer, the parent material, the welding process, joint design and preparation, welding position, welding techniques, back gouging and backing if appropriate, welding consumables, process parameters, preheat and interpass temperatures, post-weld heat treatment and information specific to the welding process. Process-specific details required are listed for MMA, submerged arc, GMA, TIG and plasma welding.
Part 2: 2001 Gas welding
Requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for gas welding processes are given in this standard including a list of the variables that influence the quality of the welded joint.
Part 3: 2004 (R2009) Electron beam welding
Supersedes BS EN ISO 9956-10
This standard specifies technical requirements for the welding procedure specifications (WPS) for electron beam welding. Variables listed in the standard are those influencing the quality and properties of the welded joint. Requirements are given for information to be supplied on the welding process, equipment, jigs and fixtures, parent materials, fillers or additional materials, joint design and preparation, welding position, support, magnetism, welding parameters, heat treatment and post welding operations. A detailed example is given of a WPS.
Part 4: 2009 Laser beam welding
Supersedes BS EN ISO 9956-11
This standard specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications (WPS) for laser beam welding processes. Variables listed are those influencing the quality and properties of the welded joint. Requirements cover the welding process, identification and documentation relating to the manufacturer, process equipment and procedures, materials requirements, joint design and preparation, workpiece fixing, welding position, backing, welding technique, process parameters and post weld operations.
Part 5: 2011 Resistance welding
This standard specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications (WPS) for resistance spot, seam, butt and projection welding processes. Variables listed are those influencing either weld dimensions (quality), weld nugget dimension, weld pattern positioning, mechanical properties or geometry of the welded joint. Requirements given cover the welding process, identification and documentation relating to the manufacturer, parent material, welding procedures, welding processes and parameters, process equipment, joint design, surface or edge preparation, welding techniques, electrodes and auxiliaries and machine parameters and control settings.
Part 6: 2013 Laser-arc hybrid welding
Requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for laser-arc hybrid welding processes are specified.
BS EN ISO 15610: 2003
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Qualification based on tested welding consumables
Supersedes BS EN 288-5
This standard provides the necessary information to explain requirements referenced in BS EN ISO 15607 regarding the qualification of arc and gas welding procedures based on tested consumables. The standard is not applicable where requirements for hardness or impact properties, preheating, controlled heat input, interpass temperature and post-weld heat treatment are specified for the welded joint.
BS EN ISO 15611: 2003 (R2009)
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Qualification based on previous welding experience
Supersedes BS EN 288-6
The necessary information to explain the requirements referenced in BS EN ISO 15607 regarding the qualification of welding processes based on previous experience is provided; the range of qualification and the validity are included.
BS EN ISO 15612: 2004 (R2009) (+ 2016 draft)
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Qualification by adoption of a standard welding procedure
Supersedes BS EN 288-7
This standard specifies conditions for approval and use of a standard welding procedure as referenced in BS EN 15607:2003. Conditions include: approval procedures; relevant materials, thicknesses, consumables, pipe diameters etc. for which standard procedures are allowable; selection of the correct procedure for use; equipment, personnel and environmental conditions; period of validity; preparation and documentation.
BS EN ISO 15613: 2004 (R2009)
Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials. Approval by a pre-production welding test
Supersedes BS EN 288-8
This standard specifies the conditions for approval of welding procedures based on preproduction welding tests in accordance with EN 288-1 [now superseded by BS EN ISO 15607]. This approval method is used where the shape and dimensions of the standard test pieces (e.g. those in EN 288-3 [now superseded by BS EN ISO 15614-1]) do not adequately represent the joint to be welded. The standard is applicable to the fusion welding of metallic materials. Conditions cover: preliminary welding procedure specifications; approval; welding of test pieces; testing; the range of approval; validity; and the format of welding procedre approval records.
BS EN ISO 15614
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Welding procedure test.
Part 1: 2004 + A2: 2012 (+ 2013 draft) Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
Supersedes BS EN 288-3
This British Standard specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications (WPS) as qualified by welding procedure tests. The standard applies to all product forms manufactured by the arc and gas welding of steels and the arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys. The requirements cover the preliminary weld procedure specification (pWPS), the welding procedure test including details of the test piece design, examination and testing, range of qualification and welding procedure qualification documentation.
Part 2: 2005 Arc welding of aluminium and its alloys
Supersedes BS EN 288-4
Requirements are specified for the approval testing of welding procedures for the TIG, MIG or plasma welding of wrought aluminium and its alloys. Details of test pieces (for welds in sheet, plate and tubular material), destructive and nondestructive testing, location of test specimens on the test pieces and ranges of approval are given.
Part 3: 2008 Fusion welding of non-alloyed and low alloyed cast irons
How a preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS) for production and repair welding of non-alloyed and low-alloyed cast irons is qualified by fusion welding procedure tests is specified, and the conditions for execution of the welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of a defined list of variables are defined. The standard is applicable to all new welding procedures. However, it does not invalidate previous welding procedure tests made to former national standards or specifications.
Part 4: 2005 Finishing welding of aluminium
This specifies requirements for the qualification, by welding procedure tests, of a welding procedure specification for finishing the arc welding of aluminium castings, excluding repair welding. Requirements are given for the preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS), welding procedure test, test pieces, examination and testing with acceptance levels, range of qualification and welding procedure qualification record (WPQR). Annexes give information on the WPQR record form, normative publications and relationship to EU Directive 97/23 EEC.
Part 5: 2004 (R2009) Arc welding of titanium, zirconium and their alloys
The means by which a preliminary procedure specification is qualified by welding procedure tests is specified. The conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical operations within a range of variables are defined.
Part 6: 2006 Arc and gas welding of copper and its alloys
How a preliminary welding procedure specification is qualified by welding procedure tests is specified for arc and gas welding of copper and copper alloys in all product forms. Conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all welding operations within a range of variables are covered.
Part 7: 2016 Overlay welding
This standard specifies how a preliminary welding procedure specification for overlay welding is qualified by welding procedure tests, and defines the conditions for carrying out welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed in Clause 8. Additional tests may be required by application standards. The standard applies to all welding processes suitable for overlay welding and is applicable to all new welding procedures. However, it does not invalidate previous welding procedure tests made to former national standards or specifications. Where additional tests are carried out to make the qualification technically equivalent, they are only done on a test piece made in accordance with this part of ISO 15614. This part of BS EN ISO 15614 does not apply to overlay welding where cracks are intentionally produced (e.g. special hardfacing applications)
Part 8: 2016 Welding of tubes to tube-plate joints
Supersedes BS 4870-3
Welding procedure test requirements for the qualification of arc welding procedures for tube to tube-plate joints in metallic materials by manual, partly mechanised, mechanised or automatic processes are given. Requirements for the preliminary WPS (Welding Procedure Specification), welding procedure qualification, test piece welding, examination methods, acceptance levels are listed and a range of qualification conditions are specified.
Part 10: 2005 (R2009) Hyperbaric dry welding
This standard specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications (WPS) as qualified by welding procedure tests. It applies to metallic materials in hyperbaric dry environments and may be used to qualify welding procedures using mechanised and automated welding. It covers requirements on the preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS), test conditions, test piece preparation, examination and testing, range of qualification and welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) documentation.
Part 11: 2002 Electron and laser beam welding
The means by which a welding procedure specification for electron or laser beam welding is qualified by a welding procedure test is specified. The conditions for execution of welding procedure qualification tests and limits of validity of a qualified welding procedure for all practical welding operations within a listed range of variables are defined. The standard applies to all shapes and thicknesses of metallic materials, irrespective of their manufacturing method (rolling, casting, forging, etc.) or heat treatment.
Part 12: 2014 Spot, seam and projection welding
This standard specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications (WPS) as qualified by welding procedure tests. The standard applies to the resistance spot, seam and projection welding processes. The requirements cover the preliminary weld procedure specification (pWPS), the welding procedure test including details of the test piece design, examination and testing, range of qualification and welding procedure qualification documentation.
Part 13: 2012 Upset (resistance butt) and flash welding
This standard specifies requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications (WPS) as qualified by welding procedure tests for metallic materials. It applies to the resistance butt and flash welding processes. It covers requirements on the preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS), the welding procedure test, including details of the test piece design, examination and testing, range of qualification and welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) documentation.
Part 14: 2013 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Welding procedure test. Laser-arc hybrid welding of steels, nickel and nickel alloys
How a preliminary welding procedure specification is qualified by welding procedure tests is specified. The conditions for the execution of welding procedure tests and the range of qualification for welding procedures for all practical welding operations within the range of variables listed in the standard (Clause 8) are defined.
BS EN ISO 15618
Qualification testing of welders for underwater welding
Part 1: 2016 Hyperbaric wet welding
The standard covers the principles of approval testing of diver-welder performance for fusion welding of steels in a hyperbaric wet environment and applies to the welding processes where the skill of the diver-welder significantly influences weld quality. Essential requirements, ranges of approvals, test conditions, acceptance requirements and certification for approval testing of diver-welder performance for welding steels underwater in a hyperbaric wet environment are specified.
Part 2: 2002 Diver-welders and welding operators for hyperbaric dry welding
The principles to be observed in approval testing of diver-welder or welding operator performance for fusion welding of steels in a hyperbaric, dry, environment are covered in this standard. The standard specifies essential requirements, ranges of approval, test conditions, acceptance requirements and certification for welding processes where the skill of the diver-welder or welding operator significantly influence weld quality.
BS EN ISO 25239:2020
Friction stir welding - Aluminium
Part 1: Vocabulary
This document defines terms related to friction stir welding.In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.
Part 2: Qualification of welding operators
This document specifies design requirements for friction stir weld joints.In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.
Part 3: Qualification of welding operators
This document specifies requirements for the qualification of welding operators for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium. In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.This document does not apply to "operators" as defined in ISO 25239‑1.This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.
Part 4: Specification and qualification of welding procedures
This document specifies the requirements for the specification and qualification of welding procedures for the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium.In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.
Part 5: Quality and inspection requirements
This document specifies a method for determining the capability of a manufacturer to use the friction stir welding (FSW) process for the production of products of the specified quality. It specifies quality requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group.
In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.
This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.
ISO 18785-1:2018
Friction stir spot welding - Aluminium
Part 1: Vocabulary
This document defines friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process terms and definitions.In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.
Part 2: Design of weld joints
This document specifies the design requirements and provides design guidelines for friction stir spot welding.In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.
Part 3: Qualification of welding personnel
This document specifies the requirements for the qualification of welding personnel for friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of aluminium.In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.
This document does not apply to personnel exclusively performing loading or unloading of the automatic welding unit.
Part 4: Specification and qualification of welding procedures
This document specifies the requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for the Friction Stir Spot welding (FSSW) of aluminium.In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.
Part 5: Quality and inspection requirements
This document specifies a method to determine the capability of a manufacturer to use friction stir spot welding (FSSW) for production of products of the specified quality.
It specifies quality requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group.In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.
BS ISO 11745: 2010 + A1:2015
Brazing for aerospace applications. Qualification test for brazers and brazing operators. Brazing of metallic materials
A qualification test for brazers engaged in manual brazing of parts and brazing operators in aerospace construction is specified.
BS ISO 24394: 2008 + A1: 2013; A2: 2015
Welding for aerospace applications. Qualification test for welders and welding operators. Fusion welding of metallic components
Requirements for the qualification of welders and welding operators for the fusion welding of metallic materials for aerospace applications are specified. The welder qualification tests are classified according to: parent material form; types of welds (butt/fillet); welding processes; material groups; thickness ranges; and welding positions. The welding operator qualification tests are classified according to: welding processes; material groups; and thickness ranges.
HVCA (NJIC) TR 5: 2003
Welding of carbon steel pipework. Recommended practice and tests for competency
This Heating and Ventilating Contractors' Association Code of Practice applies to welds in mild (up to 0.25%C) steel pipework with wall thickness of 20mm or less. It covers conformity with law, parent metal, welding consumables and processes (gas welding, MMA welding), preparation of pipe ends for butt welds, branches, reducers, bends, sets and expansion loops, anchors, guides and attachments, flanges, non-recommended practices, pre-heating, visual inspection of welds, production welds, hydraulic tests, supervision and workmanship, certificate of competency, validity of certificate and tests for currently certificated welders. Pipework carrying water, steam and gas at pressures up to and including 17.0 bar and/or temperatures from -20°C up to and including 220°C is covered. (HVAC is now B&ES - the Building & Engineering Services Association; http://www.b-espublications.co.uk.)
LUL T0431:2012
Flash butt welding of rails. Issue A1
Requirements for flash butt welded rail joints for installation in the LU infrastructure are specified. The standard covers welding contractor approval; welding procedure and equipment approval; rail profile and steel grade approval; production welding; weld testing, acceptance criteria, identification and recording. (London Underground Ltd)
LUL T0432:2014
Installation, inspection and reporting of alumino-thermic welding - Issue A3; Written Notice 11/12/2014, 12/05/2014, 22/06/2016
The training and certification of welding personnel; process approval; weld installation, inspection and recording are specified for use with 95RBH and 56E1 (113A) rail profiles (BS 11 and EN 13674-1 respectively), with rail steel grades R220 and R260 (EN 13674-1). (London Underground Ltd)
PD CEN/TR 16862:2015
Plastics welding supervisor. Task, responsibilities, knowledge, skills and competence
Tasks, responsibilities, required knowledge, skills and competence required by a plastics welding supervisor, relating to the welding of thermoplastic products and semi-finished products, are detailed.
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