Although the physical scale of assembly between an automobile and the electrical and electronic parts that go into it are quite different, many similar joining techniques are used to fabricate them. As with the structural integrity required from the body shell, smaller joints must be made robust enough to last the lifetime of the vehicle, or the warranty period of the respective part. These joints, and the way they are made, will face an ever increasing challenge as the parts inevitably decrease in size, increase in complexity and have to survive longer warranty periods.